Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: A novel path for rapid transverse communication of vestibular signals in turtle cerebellum

doi: 10.1152/jn.00986.2009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of bilateral responses to right nVIII (A and C) and left lateral edge stimulation (B and D). A and B: top row shows arrays of average absorbance traces superimposed on the monochrome image of the Cb (as in Fig. 1C). During nVIII stimulation (A) and lateral edge microstimulation (B), diodes along the lateral Cb edges exhibited strong responses. Note the position of the bipolar electrode in left Cb of B. Magnified traces above each array have a color correspond to the diode(s) of the same color in the array. Blue traces are ipsilateral, and red traces are contralateral to the side of stimulation. Note that the red traces are smaller than blue traces, yet have similar latency following the stimulation (arrowhead). C and D: bottom row shows pseudocolor images of the spatial extent of the Cb responses, showing responses near their peak amplitude at the same latency following stimulation. Caudal Cb is up and arrows indicate the rostral and caudal extent of the midline. Cb and nVIII were both stimulated with a 500-Hz train of 5 100-μA pulses. Responses contralateral to the stimulated nVIII are averaged from 6 adjacent diodes stimulated with 5 trains.

Article Snippet: Response fields were also displayed as pseudocolor images generated by NeuroPlex software using minimal high pass filter to remove nonphysiological baseline drifts for display purposes only.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: A novel path for rapid transverse communication of vestibular signals in turtle cerebellum

doi: 10.1152/jn.00986.2009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of transverse conduction timing differences of responses to 100-μA pulses into medial ML (A, C, E, and G) and into lateral edge (vCb; B, D, F, and H). A bipolar microelectrode was place either in the ML of the medial Cb (blue trace in A, I, and J) or in the vCb (blue trace in B, K, and L). Colored circles in C and D correspond to colored traces in A and B. ML microstimulation evoked a depolarization along a transverse parallel fiber beam. I and J: traces of 4 diodes in A are superimposed in I and expanded in time in J. Blue trace responses began immediately following the 100-μs stimulus pulse. Red and green responses, the diode locations of which straddle that of the stimulus, responded with approximately the same onset latency (∼3.8 ms). Orange trace response, the diode of which was located near the end of the transverse beam, responded much later (27 ms). Note that the ML response is bilateral, yet its response along the Cb lateral edge is limited. C–H: responses superimposed on monochrome plots. C and D: pseudocolor frames. E and F: relative response amplitude of each diode (dot-amplitude array, see methods). G and H: relative response latency of each diode (latency-distance plot: white is zero latency and black is maximal latency; see methods). B, D, F, and H: vCb microstimulation evoked an ipsilateral response that spread sagittally and a contralateral response that was more localized. Traces of a diode in each response field are superimposed in K and expanded in time in L. Blue and green responses, the diode locations of which in B were more distant than that of the green and orange diodes of A, had very similar latencies. Green pulses below the traces indicate the onset of the 100-μs stimulus. Arrows below the traces in I and K indicate the point in time shown in the pseudocolor frames C and D.

Article Snippet: Response fields were also displayed as pseudocolor images generated by NeuroPlex software using minimal high pass filter to remove nonphysiological baseline drifts for display purposes only.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: A novel path for rapid transverse communication of vestibular signals in turtle cerebellum

doi: 10.1152/jn.00986.2009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Conjoint Cb microstimulation into both medial ML (A–C) and lateral edge (vCb; D–F) using the same Cb shown in Fig. 5. Third and fourth rows show responses to simultaneous stimulation of both (G–L). A shows superposed traces of 3 diodes in the left Cb hemisphere (marked in B), far from the ML stimulation site. Onset times of all these traces are much delayed and the orange trace barely responds as it is in the contralateral vCb. C: superimposed traces of 2 diodes in the right Cb hemisphere, close to the ML stimulation site. Onset of the blue trace is slightly delayed as it is to the right of the stimulation. D and F: responses of vCb microstimulation, using the same diodes as A and C, respectively. Onset times of these traces are very similar. During both stimulation of the ML and vCb, the traces in G have 2 components, a short latency response (due to vCb stimulation) and a delayed response (due to the distant ML stimulation). Unlike I, which shows responses to simultaneous stimulation, L shows responses when the vCb stimulation was delayed by 10 ms relative to the ML stimulation. Both the red and blue traces of L exhibit an early and late response component. These 2 components compare well to the shapes of the overlaid traces of C and F shown in J. See description in text. Arrows below the traces in B, F, and J show the time point to which pseudocolor frames of Fig. 5, C and D, and Fig. 6K correspond, respectively.

Article Snippet: Response fields were also displayed as pseudocolor images generated by NeuroPlex software using minimal high pass filter to remove nonphysiological baseline drifts for display purposes only.

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: A novel path for rapid transverse communication of vestibular signals in turtle cerebellum

doi: 10.1152/jn.00986.2009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of responses to microstimulation of the left lateral edge (A–C) and left inferior olive (IO; D–F). Left column: arrays of absorbance traces recorded during direct VCb stimulation (A, see position of the bipolar electrode tips) and during microstimulation of IO (not shown), contralateral to the intact right Cb peduncle (D). Pseudocolor images in C and F show the spatial extent of the responses near their peak as measured in A and D. Those images are superimposed on the monochrome image of the ventricular surface of a transilluminated Cb. B and E: magnified filtered traces that correspond to traces in the arrays in A and D and the colored circles in C and F. Arrow below the green stimulus trace under E indicates the point in time that corresponds to the pseudocolor images of C and F. Note that responses to IO microstimulation were in a nearly synchronized sagittal band ipsilateral to the midline. In contrast, the VCb response contralateral to the stimulated lateral edge has a slightly later latency. Below E, the green stimulus pulse indicates the 100-μs current pulse onset yet appears displaced to the right of the response onset because those responses were slightly filtered. Current pulses to vCb and IO were 80 and 50 μA, respectively.

Article Snippet: Response fields were also displayed as pseudocolor images generated by NeuroPlex software using minimal high pass filter to remove nonphysiological baseline drifts for display purposes only.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Journal of Neurophysiology

Article Title: A novel path for rapid transverse communication of vestibular signals in turtle cerebellum

doi: 10.1152/jn.00986.2009

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optical responses to right vCb microstimulation, before and after a series of knife cuts of the Cb/brainstem preparation. Control pseudocolor responses (A) are bilateral, shown overlaying an image of the intact Cb with a cut left peduncle, ventricular surface up, caudal end on top. B: response of intact Cb after right peduncle was severed from brainstem. C: response of Cb after the rostral part of mid-line raphe was cut. D: response of Cb after additional cut through caudal part of mid-line raphe. E: response of Cb after an approximate half-millimeter shallow sagittal cut along mid-line raphe into the ventricular surface. F: response of Cb after a deeper sagittal cut into the ML. vCb current pulses were 75 μA.

Article Snippet: Response fields were also displayed as pseudocolor images generated by NeuroPlex software using minimal high pass filter to remove nonphysiological baseline drifts for display purposes only.

Techniques: Control